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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Impact of Intracardiac Neurons on Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmogenesis in an Ex Vivo Langendorff System
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Single or multiple pulsed field applications: Intracardiac electrogram changes and implications for procedural end

Vincent Schlageter1,2,3, Patrick Badertscher1,2, David Spreen1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Heart Rhythm O2
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quadruple pulsed field ablation (PFA) applications ensure durable pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, unlike single or double applications. Electrogram (EGM) signatures, specifically high-frequency power and bipolar voltage, can confirm effective PV isolation.

Keywords:
Acute effectBipolar voltageElectrogramEnd point definitionFrequency analysisPulmonary vein isolationPulsed field ablation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Interventions
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Pulsed field ablation (PFA) with pentaspline catheters is emerging for pulmonary vein (PV) isolation.
  • Standardized methods for assessing durable PFA lesion formation are currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of increasing PFA applications on electrogram (EGM) characteristics.
  • To determine if specific EGM signatures can predict effective and durable PV lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 4230 PV EGMs from 83 patients before and after single, double, or quadruple PFA applications.
  • Quantification of bipolar voltage amplitude (BVA) and signal power in high-frequency bands (>50 Hz, >75 Hz, >125 Hz [HF125]).
  • Reassessment of EGMs after 60 seconds and pacing to assess PV capture.

Main Results:

  • No immediate differences in BVA or frequency power were observed across PFA application groups.
  • After 60 seconds, significant differences in BVA and frequency power emerged, with features recovering in single/double PFA groups but not quadruple.
  • Quadruple PFA applications demonstrated persistent lesion effects, unlike single or double applications.

Conclusions:

  • Only quadruple PFA applications consistently ensured durable lesion effects over the observation period.
  • A combined endpoint using HF125 cutoff of 2.5 μV² and BVA cutoff of 0.28 mV may accurately confirm PV isolation using the pentaspline catheter.