Evaluating oscillatory mechanisms underlying flexible neural communication in the human brain

How the brain orchestrates the flow of information between its multiple functional units flexibly, quickly, and accurately remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. Multiple theories identify neural oscillations as a likely basis for this process. However, a lack of empirical validation of proposed theories, particularly at the whole-brain scale, has hampered consensus on oscillatory principles governing neural communication, limiting our understanding of a process central to perception and cognition and its integration into experiments and clinical applications. Here, we empirically validate previously proposed neural-oscillatory communication mechanisms in the human brain-specifically involving power and inter-areal phase coherence-at the whole-brain scale. We do this by estimating the dependence of inferred communication on oscillatory measures that have been theorized to facilitate communication, in source-localized resting-state magnetoencephalography recordings. We find that power and phase coherence in the alpha, beta, and high-gamma bands track communication better than others. Crucially, the relation between communication and oscillatory measures varied across regions, indicating spatial heterogeneity in routing mechanisms. Notably, power and coherence-based principles tracked communication patterns of unimodal regions better than those of transmodal regions. In sum, these findings suggest that the human brain implements regionally specific communication mechanisms with complex neural-oscillatory dependence.