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How Functional Variants Reconfigure the Rac2 Conformational Landscape.

Nurit Haspel1, Hyunbum Jang2, Ruth Nussinov2,3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, U.S.A.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogenic Rac2 mutations D57N and E62K cause immune dysfunction through opposite mechanisms: loss-of-function and gain-of-function, respectively. This study reveals their structural basis and impact on cellular signaling.

Keywords:
KRasRho familycancer progressioninsert regionmolecular dynamicssmall GTPase

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Rac2, a Rho family GTPase, regulates crucial cellular processes.
  • Mutations D57N and E62K in Rac2 are linked to oncogenesis and immunodeficiency.
  • These mutations exhibit opposing functional characteristics: loss-of-function (D57N) and gain-of-function (E62K).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis for altered Rac2 variant functions.
  • To understand how Rac2 variants (D57N, E62K) affect conformational dynamics.
  • To investigate the impact of these variants on cellular signaling networks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
  • Characterized conformational dynamics of Rac2 variants in GDP- and GTP-bound states.
  • Examined interactions between Rac2 variants and p50-RhoGAP.

Main Results:

  • Rac2 D57N adopts an inactive conformation irrespective of nucleotide binding.
  • Rac2 E62K exhibits nucleotide-dependent activity, active with GTP and inactive with GDP.
  • Both D57N and E62K mutants hinder p50-RhoGAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis by trapping the GTPase.

Conclusions:

  • Localized mutations in Rac2's switch loops dictate distinct cellular outcomes.
  • Rac2 D57N causes loss-of-function leading to immune dysfunction.
  • Rac2 E62K causes gain-of-function leading to immune dysfunction.