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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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A Systematic Characterization of Causal Interactions Between Human Visual Areas.

María Guadalupe Yáñez-Ramos1, Gabriela Ojeda Valencia2, Harvey Huang3

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 27, 2026
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This study maps causal interactions in the human visual cortex using intracranial EEG. Feedforward influences from early visual areas are dominant, with distinct roles for visual streams.

Keywords:
brain stimulationconnectivityhuman visual cortexintracranial EEGvisual hierarchy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Understanding information flow between visual areas is crucial for perception.
  • Measuring causal interactions within the human visual cortex in vivo presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize causal interactions across the human visual cortex.
  • To construct a map of causal influences between distinct visual cortical areas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in 17 epilepsy patients.
  • Stimulated electrodes in early visual areas to probe information flow.
  • Analyzed evoked responses to map feedforward and feedback influences.

Main Results:

  • Stimulation of early visual areas demonstrated strong feedforward connections to dorsal, lateral, and ventral visual streams.
  • Feedback influences were observed to be weaker and more spatially restricted.
  • Cross-stream interactions revealed an asymmetry, with stronger temporal-to-parietal than parietal-to-temporal influence.

Conclusions:

  • Early visual areas and the ventral stream function as primary sources of influence in the visual system.
  • The dorsal and lateral visual streams appear to play roles as integrators of information.
  • The findings provide a novel map of causal interactions within the human visual cortex.