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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules
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Temporal gating dictates stress-induced transcript export from the nucleus.

Noah S Helton1,2, Benjamin Dodd1,2, Stephanie L Moon1,2

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear mRNA export is inhibited during cellular stress. Transcriptional timing, not sequence, dictates whether stress-induced mRNAs are exported or retained in the nucleus.

Keywords:
Nuclear exportheat shock proteinsheat shock responseintegrated stress responsestress-induced genes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Previous research focused on transcriptional and translational control during cellular stress.
  • The role of regulated nuclear mRNA export in the stress response remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of nuclear mRNA export to the cellular stress response.
  • To determine the mechanisms governing the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of mRNAs during stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-molecule mRNA imaging and transcriptome-wide analyses in human cells under arsenite and heat stress.
  • Employed reporter RNA assays to assess mRNA export competence based on transcriptional timing.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear mRNA export is progressively inhibited during arsenite and heat stress.
  • The majority of stress-induced mRNAs, including heat shock proteins, accumulate in the nucleus.
  • Early-transcribed mRNAs (e.g., immediate early genes) are exported before global export inhibition, while later transcripts are retained.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal gating, determined by the timing of transcription, is the primary factor controlling nuclear export of stress-induced mRNAs in human cells.
  • This contrasts with sequence-specific mechanisms proposed in yeast.
  • Transcriptional timing, not sequence features, dictates mRNA export efficiency during cellular stress.