Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Structural Nanocellulose-Loaded Functionalized Biochar-Based Biopolymeric...

Production of multifunctional bionanoadsorbents from agrowaste/plant biomass-derived CNC/FBC by developing an economic/environmentally friendly technology for bulk-scale wastewater treatment is a critical issue. Every moment, a massive amount of hazardous effluent is expelled from several large/medium/small-scale industries directly into the environment, which can destroy the ecological balance/public security. Hence, in this overview, several advanced production techniques have been proposed addressing the effective fabrication of CNC-FBC-based bionanoadsorbents that could be beneficial in wastewater treatment for their outstanding properties, structural purity, and upgradation. Moreover, numerous potential characterization techniques, beneficial mode of application, and synergistic mechanism including chemical adsorption due to strong interaction, both monolayer/multi-layer physical adsorption due to weak interaction, interparticular diffusion/deep penetration due to higher surface area, mesoporous microstructure with pore tube/canal of the considered bionanocomposites have been suggested for a better understanding about the scope, significance, applicability, and selectivity. However, the CNC-FBC bionanocomposites could be more selective and beneficial than others because of their low cost, higher efficiency, greater stability, structural purity, highly dense binding sites, negative surface charge, and reusability. This review also offers the modification techniques and mathematical modeling for enhanced prediction of the experimental BTC curve and actual route adsorption by detecting the reaction kinetics/thermodynamics/isotherms and energy interpretation.