Oxidoreductase-Like Nanozymes: From Biosensing to Molecular Mechanisms in Disease Therapy

Nanozymes, a class of nanomaterials capable of mimicking the functions of natural enzymes, have garnered significant attention in biomedical fields because of their stable catalytic activity, high efficiency, low cost, and tunable enzyme-like properties. In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of numerous nanozymes with redoxase-like activities, which have been widely applied in biosensing and disease treatment, demonstrating considerable potential. In this review, we first summarize the redoxase-like activity of nanozymes. From the perspective of redox regulation, we discuss the catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes in biosensing applications, elaborate on the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor therapy, including the induction of apoptosis and ferroptosis, and examine their catalytic pathways in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatments. Finally, we also discuss the current limitations and future challenges of nanozymes in biomedical applications, aiming to provide insights for the rational design and clinical translation of next-generation nanozyme-based platforms.