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The amplitude-amplitude cross-frequency coupling method: a step-by-step guide to quantifying physiological network

Sergi Garcia-Retortillo1, Óscar Abenza2, Yaopeng J X Ma3

  • 1College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.

Frontiers in Network Physiology
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce the Amplitude-Amplitude Cross-Frequency Coupling (ACFC) method to quantify coordination between the skeletomuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. This network-based approach reveals dynamic physiological interactions during activities like exercise.

Keywords:
complex systemsdynamic networkselectrocardiographyelectromyographyelectrophysiologyexercisenetwork physiology

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Network Physiology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • The human body functions as an integrated network with dynamic coordination across physiological systems.
  • Traditional analyses often focus on single systems, limiting the understanding of complex interactions.
  • Quantifying multisystem coordination requires advanced analytical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a detailed, step-by-step description of the Amplitude-Amplitude Cross-Frequency Coupling (ACFC) method.
  • To provide a reproducible guide for quantifying coordination among skeletomuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
  • To facilitate the application of network-based approaches in studying physiological coordination.

Main Methods:

  • The ACFC method quantifies coordination by analyzing the co-variation of amplitudes of oscillatory components across frequency bands.
  • It utilizes simultaneous electrophysiological recordings and combines spectral decomposition, cross-correlation, and network dynamics.
  • Key outputs include network-based markers for inter-muscular, cardio-muscular, and respiratory-muscular coupling.

Main Results:

  • ACFC characterizes global network organization and coupling strength for different physiological states.
  • The method reveals temporal variability in systems coordination and network interactions at short timescales.
  • Analysis of a bodyweight squat protocol demonstrates ACFC's utility in quantifying physiological coupling during exercise.

Conclusions:

  • The ACFC method offers a robust, network-based approach to quantify multisystem physiological coordination.
  • It enables detailed investigation of temporal dynamics and network interactions across various timescales and states.
  • This reproducible guide supports the adoption and adaptation of ACFC for research in exercise, aging, and clinical contexts.