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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
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Retention Force Comparison between Hawley and Vacuum-Formed Retainers in Orthodontic Treatment of Maxillary Arch: A

Erfan Asadolahi1, Shabnam Saleh1,2, Yashar Rezaei3

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Galen Medical Journal
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
Hawley RetainersRetention ForceVacuum-Formed Retainers

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