Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Anaemia among Adults in Rural Punjab, India

Anaemia is a persistent public health concern in rural India, influenced by socio-demographic factors. This study estimated the prevalence, severity, and types of anaemia and identified associated socio-demographic predictors among adults in rural Punjab.

The study was conducted in Mansa district, involving 1,620 adults aged ≥ 30 years. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured interview schedule, and blood samples were analyzed using the Sysmex KX-21 haematology analyzer.

Anaemia prevalence was 35.68%, with 15% experiencing moderate to severe cases. Females had nearly double the risk of anaemia compared to males (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.32-2.96) and significantly higher odds of moderate to severe anaemia (OR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.91-5.81). Vegetarians showed a higher risk than non-vegetarians (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21-2.16), and individuals with low income had elevated odds compared to higher-income participants (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05-1.81). Age was inversely associated with moderate to severe anaemia risk, particularly in participants aged 50-59 (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23-0.70) and 60-69 (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.80). The stratified analysis revealed a higher prevalence of microcytosis and hypochromic conditions among anaemic individuals (p < 0.01).

Anaemia remains highly prevalent in rural Punjab, driven by socio-demographic factors such as gender, diet, income, and age. Addressing these determinants through targeted interventions and comprehensive public health strategies beyond iron supplementation is crucial for mitigating anaemia burden.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-025-02068-x.