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Male Agonistic Behavior on Atlantic Cod Spawning Grounds.

J E Skjæraasen1, P Arechavala-Lopez2, Ø Karlsen1

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|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male Atlantic cod exhibit higher activity levels than females during spawning, particularly at depths below 20m. This suggests male-male agonistic interactions, consistent with a lek mating system, occur in natural spawning grounds.

Keywords:
Gadus morhuaaccelerometeragonistic interactionsgadoidsleksmating systemsexual selectionspawningtelemetry

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The mating system of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is debated, with some evidence suggesting a lek system requiring male-male competition.
  • Direct observation of agonistic behaviors in marine environments is challenging.
  • Previous studies relied on confined conditions, potentially inflating observed male interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate male-male agonistic interactions in Atlantic cod on natural spawning grounds using advanced telemetry.
  • To compare activity levels between male and female cod in both natural and confined settings.
  • To determine the influence of depth on cod activity patterns during the spawning season.

Main Methods:

  • Deployed acoustic transmitters with accelerometers and depth sensors on 154 mature Atlantic cod.
  • Collected ~1.5 million accelerometer detections from field and net-pen studies in Western Norway (2019-2024).
  • Analyzed activity levels in relation to sex, depth, and study environment (field vs. confinement).

Main Results:

  • Male cod exhibited significantly higher activity than females in net-pen studies and in the field during spawning.
  • Males were more active than females at depths greater than 20m in natural environments; no sex difference was observed above 20m.
  • Activity levels were generally lower in the field compared to confinement, but sex differences persisted during spawning.

Conclusions:

  • Inferred male-male agonistic interactions occur on natural Atlantic cod spawning grounds, supporting the lek mating system hypothesis.
  • Heightened male activity at deeper spawning grounds is linked to their distribution and potential territorial/agonistic behaviors.
  • Activity levels and inferred interactions are reduced in natural settings compared to confined conditions.