Uveitis Management at the Crossroads of Pharmacotherapy, Nanotechnology, and Intellectual Property

Uveitis is a complex ocular inflammatory disorder that remains challenging to manage due to recurrent disease progression, limited drug bioavailability, and treatment-associated adverse effects. Conventional pharmacotherapy often fails to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations at target ocular tissues, necessitating frequent dosing or invasive administration routes. This review critically examines current pharmacological approaches for uveitis and highlights recent advances in formulation strategies aimed at overcoming ocular delivery barriers. Particular emphasis is placed on biomaterial-based nanotechnology platforms, including nanoemulsions, polymeric and hybrid nanoparticles, micelles, cubosomes, in-situ gels, and hydrogels, with a focus on their roles in enhancing ocular pharmacokinetics, sustained drug release, and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, emerging strategies for improving bioavailability, translational considerations, intellectual property trends, and regulatory challenges associated with advanced ocular drug delivery systems are discussed. Overall, this review provides an integrated perspective on how advanced biomaterial-enabled delivery platforms can address unmet clinical needs in uveitis management and guide future research toward clinically translatable solutions.