Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

341
Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
341
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

72.8K
Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
72.8K
Prodrugs01:30

Prodrugs

4.1K
Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active drug. Prodrugs are designed to improve the therapeutic properties of the parent drug, such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability, or reducing toxicity. The concept of prodrugs revolves around modifying the chemical structure of the original drug to make it more effective or convenient for administration.
Prodrugs help overcome...
4.1K
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

4.7K
Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
4.7K
Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables01:28

Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables

369
Biologics, derived from living sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms, represent a significant category of pharmaceuticals. These complex molecules, developed through advanced biotechnological methods or purified from natural sources, include essential medical treatments like insulin and growth hormones. The complexity of biologics arises from their large molecular structures and the intricate processes required for their production, making them distinct from conventional...
369
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

1.8K
Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Commentary: Strengthening Emergency Response in Global Healthcare Systems for Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies.

Evaluation & the health professions·2026
Same author

A Novel Herbal Nano-Based Ear Drop with <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> Essential Oil: An Alternative Strategy for Managing Otomycosis.

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Saving the first 24 hours: why public and frontline awareness must accompany meningococcal vaccination.

Infectious diseases (London, England)·2026
Same author

Pentacyclic triterpenoids from <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Lamk. fruits as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> evaluations.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Real-time AI integration for MR to detect artifacts and guide pulse sequence adaptations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Commentary: Systemic Inequities in Japan's Technical Intern Training Program (TITP): Health, Labor, and Legal Vulnerabilities of Foreign Trainees.

Evaluation & the health professions·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression
09:06

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.8K

FDA-Approved Drugs Containing D-Amino Acids: A Historical and Developmental Perspective.

Linh Tran1,2, Tien Dung Nguyen3,4, Abdelrahman Gamil Gad4,5

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Drug Development Research
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

D-amino acids enhance peptide drugs by increasing stability and reducing degradation. Over 20 FDA-approved drugs now utilize these non-natural amino acids for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
d‐amino acid‐containing drugshistorical developmentimpactmechanism

More Related Videos

Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis
08:14

Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: December 9, 2022

4.0K
Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine DOPA and Its Application to Protein Conjugation
10:24

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine DOPA and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Published on: August 24, 2018

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression
09:06

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.8K
Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis
08:14

Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: December 9, 2022

4.0K
Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine DOPA and Its Application to Protein Conjugation
10:24

Genetic Incorporation of Biosynthesized L-dihydroxyphenylalanine DOPA and Its Application to Protein Conjugation

Published on: August 24, 2018

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • D-amino acids are non-natural enantiomers of l-amino acids with unique biochemical properties.
  • These properties include resistance to proteolytic degradation, enhanced conformational rigidity, and reduced immunogenicity.
  • These characteristics make d-amino acids valuable for developing advanced peptide therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and clinical adoption of drugs containing d-amino acids.
  • To highlight the mechanisms of action and therapeutic relevance of these d-amino acid-containing drugs.
  • To discuss the technological innovations that facilitated their advancement.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of d-amino acid drug development.
  • Analysis of FDA-approved drugs incorporating d-amino acids.
  • Examination of enabling technologies like solid-phase peptide synthesis and mirror-image phage display.

Main Results:

  • More than 20 FDA-approved drugs utilize d-amino acids across various therapeutic areas.
  • Examples include gramicidin D, desmopressin, leuprolide, bremelanotide, and etelcalcetide.
  • Etelcalcetide is noted as the first fully d-amino acid peptide approved by the FDA.

Conclusions:

  • D-amino acid-containing drugs offer enhanced stability, selectivity, and longevity.
  • Technological advancements have been crucial for the development and success of these therapeutics.
  • D-amino acids are integral to the future of targeted, stable, and precise peptide pharmaceuticals.