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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

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NIR-II AIEgens for Phototheranostics: Design, Applications and Perspectives.

Baoqing Zhao1, Xianchuan Zeng1, Yuyao Su2

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.

Biosensors
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Novel molecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) are engineered for the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window, enabling advanced cancer theranostics. These AIEgens offer precise imaging and combined photothermal and photodynamic therapies.

Keywords:
aggregation-induced emission (AIE)fluorescence imaging (FLI)photoacoustic imaging (PAI)photodynamic therapy (PDT)photothermal therapy (PTT)second near-infrared (NIR-II)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a promising phenomenon for developing advanced imaging and therapeutic agents.
  • The second near-infrared (NIR-II) window (1000-1700 nm) offers deeper tissue penetration and reduced background autofluorescence for biomedical applications.
  • Integrated phototheranostics combining imaging and therapy can improve cancer treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review rational molecular engineering strategies for designing AIE-active molecules emitting in the NIR-II window.
  • To explore the application of these NIR-II AIEgens in multimodal imaging and synergistic cancer therapy.
  • To discuss the potential of AIE-based platforms for precision cancer theranostics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of molecular engineering approaches (D-A, D-A-D, A-D-A systems) for NIR-II AIEgens.
  • Analysis of AIEgen characteristics including absorption/emission, AIE properties, and decay pathways.
  • Evaluation of nanoformulations for stability, biocompatibility, and targeting via the EPR effect.

Main Results:

  • Engineered D-A, D-A-D, and A-D-A systems achieve red-shifted NIR-II absorption/emission and enhanced AIE properties.
  • AIEgens enable high-contrast NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging for precise tumor localization.
  • These molecules facilitate efficient photothermal and photodynamic therapies through type-I and type-II mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoformulated NIR-II AIEgens offer excellent stability, biocompatibility, and passive tumor targeting.
  • "All-in-one" AIE platforms demonstrate synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy under multimodal imaging guidance.
  • AIE-based integrated phototheranostics represent a promising paradigm for precision cancer theranostics, with challenges in clinical translation and combination therapy noted.