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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Addressing Research Gaps in Early Childhood Caries: A Comprehensive Review.

Anthony Yihong Cheng1, Faith Miaomiao Zheng1, Jieyi Chen2

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.

Dentistry Journal
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early childhood caries (ECC) research needs integrated frameworks to address gaps in understanding its causes, diagnosis, and prevention. More research is vital for equitable child oral health outcomes.

Keywords:
carieschildhoodchildrenoral healthpreschoolprevention

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric dentistry
  • Public health
  • Oral health research

Background:

  • Early childhood caries (ECC) is a prevalent chronic childhood disease with significant health impacts.
  • Existing knowledge on ECC etiology and prevention has limitations, hindering progress in care.
  • Disparities in ECC prevalence persist across populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on early childhood caries (ECC).
  • To identify critical research gaps in biological, behavioral, social, and health system aspects of ECC.
  • To inform future research directions for improved prevention and care.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of peer-reviewed literature on ECC.
  • Analysis of studies covering ECC epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and service delivery.
  • Identification of evidence limitations and inconsistencies.

Main Results:

  • Limited longitudinal data on microbiome dynamics, host susceptibility, and ECC progression.
  • Incompletely defined genetic and epigenetic factors, especially in diverse populations.
  • Scarcity of integrated models linking socioeconomic factors to biological mechanisms.
  • Emerging diagnostic tools (biomarkers, AI) lack outcome validation.
  • Underdeveloped implementation research, particularly in low-resource settings.
  • Insufficient characterization of long-term ECC consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated, equity-focused research frameworks are necessary for ECC.
  • Bridging biological, social, diagnostic, and implementation research domains is crucial.
  • Addressing identified research gaps will guide effective prevention and reduce health disparities.