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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

19
Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
19
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
43

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
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Etanercept in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.

Lucas Gorial Garmo1,2, Sid Osborn1, Emily Hock1

  • 1College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.

Brain Sciences
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, may reduce early neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI) in preclinical models. However, more research is needed due to varied study methods and limited data on its therapeutic role.

Keywords:
etanerceptinflammationneuroprotectionspinal cord injurytumor necrosis factor-alpha

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant motor and sensory deficits.
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is upregulated post-SCI, exacerbating secondary injury.
  • Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, is explored for its potential to mitigate neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review preclinical evidence on etanercept's therapeutic effects in SCI.
  • To synthesize findings on etanercept's role in modulating neuroinflammation and secondary injury cascades.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for in vivo mammalian SCI models treated with etanercept.
  • Included 15 articles after screening 119 records; assessed risk of bias using SYRCLE tool.

Main Results:

  • Included studies investigated inflammation, histopathology, and functional recovery.
  • Preclinical data suggests etanercept may reduce early neuroinflammation post-SCI.
  • Meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity in models and dosing.

Conclusions:

  • Etanercept shows potential in attenuating early neuroinflammation after SCI in preclinical settings.
  • Methodological heterogeneity and limited data necessitate further investigation into etanercept's efficacy.
  • Future research should focus on standardized models and dosing for robust evidence.