Monkeypox (Mpox), a Resurging Global Public Health Concern: An Updated Outlook Through 2025

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• The 2022 Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the WHO.
• Genomic evolution of the Mpox virus has increased its outbreak potential.
• Zoonotic and human-to-human transmission routes identified, including close contact and homosexual intercourse.

Purpose of the Study:

• Provide a comprehensive overview of current Mpox knowledge.
• Detail epidemiology, evolution, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and prevention.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing scientific literature.
• Analysis of genomic, epidemiological, and clinical data.
• Synthesis of information on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

• Mpox virus disseminates via the lymphatic system, causing varied symptoms from skin lesions to severe complications.
• Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and advanced molecular/immunological methods.
• No specific antivirals or vaccines currently exist; smallpox treatments are used.

Conclusions:

• Effective control requires enhanced awareness, protective measures, surveillance, rapid diagnosis, timely treatment, and mass vaccination.
• Continued research into Mpox pathogenesis and targeted therapies is essential.
• Public health strategies must adapt to the evolving nature of Mpox transmission and virulence.