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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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Microglial Innate Immune Memory: Implications and Research Advances in Central Nervous System Disorders.

Yaru Song1,2, Shiyi Shu1,2, Xiansi Zeng2

  • 1College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microglia exhibit immune memory, with "training" worsening neuroinflammation and "tolerance" protecting nerves in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Understanding these states offers new therapeutic targets for CNS disorders.

Keywords:
central nervous systemimmune toleranceimmune trainingmicrogliasignal pathway

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The central nervous system (CNS) is vital for bodily regulation, but damage causes irreversible neural impairments.
  • Microglia, the CNS's resident immune cells, display immune memory, influencing neuroinflammation in CNS disorders.
  • Immune memory in microglia exists as 'training' (enhanced response) or 'tolerance' (attenuated response).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microglial immune memory states (training and tolerance) and their triggers.
  • To summarize the roles and mechanisms of microglial immune memory in CNS diseases.
  • To explore epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming in microglial memory formation and maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on microglial immune memory.
  • Analysis of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming mechanisms.
  • Examination of the interplay between these processes in microglia.

Main Results:

  • Microglial immune memory acts as a double-edged sword in the CNS.
  • Immune training exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal damage (e.g., in Alzheimer's disease models).
  • Immune tolerance suppresses inflammation and alleviates neuroinflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Precisely balancing microglial immune training and tolerance can reduce harmful inflammation while preserving protective functions.
  • Targeting microglial immune memory offers a potential reversible immunotherapy for CNS diseases.
  • Further research into the combined effects of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming is needed to identify new therapeutic targets.