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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
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Virtual Reality Orthoptic Interventions for Binocular Vision Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Clara Martinez-Perez1, Noelia Nores-Palmas2, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga2,3

  • 1Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Journal of Eye Movement Research
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Digital orthoptic and virtual reality (VR) interventions show modest benefits for convergence insufficiency and intermittent exotropia. Further research is needed to confirm efficacy for these binocular vision disorders.

Keywords:
convergence insufficiencyintermittent exotropiastereopsis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science
  • Digital Health Interventions
  • Binocular Vision Disorders

Background:

  • Convergence insufficiency and intermittent exotropia are common binocular vision disorders.
  • Traditional orthoptic treatments exist, but novel digital approaches are emerging.
  • Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive environments for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of digital orthoptic interventions.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-based approaches for convergence insufficiency and intermittent exotropia.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases.
  • Included RCTs comparing digital/VR interventions with conventional therapy or controls.
  • Assessed risk of bias using RoB 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE.

Main Results:

  • Four RCTs (184 participants) were analyzed.
  • Digital interventions reduced near heterophoria in convergence insufficiency (MD -1.64 PD).
  • VR improved near point of convergence (MD -1.60 cm) and stereopsis (MD -0.19 log units) in intermittent exotropia, though not always clinically significant.
  • Evidence certainty was low to moderate.

Conclusions:

  • VR-based and digital orthoptic interventions show potential as adjunctive treatments.
  • Benefits appear modest and specific to certain outcomes.
  • Larger, high-quality RCTs with standardized outcomes are necessary.