Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Isolation of Culturable Yeasts and Molds from Soils to Investigate Fungal Population Structure
Published on: May 27, 2022
Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Azole-Resistant Aspergillus: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Merlijn H I van Haren1, Willem J G Melchers1, Jianhua Zhang1
1Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
None:
Aspergillus fumigatus is a leading cause of invasive fungal disease in humans and is classified as a critical priority threat by the World Health Organization. Triazole antifungals remain the cornerstone of therapy, yet their effectiveness is steadily being eroded by the continuous rise in drug resistance. Most resistance mechanisms trace back to mutations in Cyp51A, spawning well-defined genotypes such as TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A. However, the Cyp51A genotype-phenotype landscape in A. fumigatus is far from straightforward. Isolates that share an identical TR genotype can display strikingly divergent susceptibility profiles, and mutational hotspots in Cyp51A, such as G54, M220 and G448, are linked to varying resistances, challenging assumptions about predictable resistance behavior. Complicating matters further, an expanding array of resistance mechanisms, independent of Cyp51A, is now being uncovered. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on azole resistance in A. fumigatus, dissecting the intricate genotype-phenotype relationships, spotlighting emerging non-Cyp51A pathways and outlining future strategies to enhance the detection and clinical management of antifungal resistance.
More Related Videos
09:21Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the α-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.
Published on: February 15, 2019
09:42Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions
Published on: May 16, 2020
Related Concept Videos
Fungal Phylum Ascomycota
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
Fungal Group Zygomycota