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Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae
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The Association Between Soil Sampling and Bait Traps in Wireworm Monitoring: A Methodological and Statistical

Lorenzo Furlan1, Giancarlo Bourlot2, Annalisa Turchi3

  • 1Veneto Agricoltura, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.

Insects
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective wireworm integrated pest management (IPM) requires reliable sampling. This study found a moderate association between bait traps and soil sampling for estimating wireworm populations, enabling reciprocal estimations and informing damage thresholds.

Keywords:
AgriotesAgriotes brevisAgriotes sordidusAgriotes ustulatusIPMdamage thresholds

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Entomology
  • Pest Management
  • Soil Ecology

Background:

  • Effective integrated pest management (IPM) for wireworms necessitates reliable and affordable sampling methods linked to damage thresholds.
  • Wireworm population estimation is challenging due to their subterranean habitat, making direct observation impossible.
  • Traditional soil sampling is time-consuming, while bait traps offer a more time-efficient alternative, but their correlation with actual wireworm density requires clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between wireworm numbers captured by bait traps and soil sampling methods.
  • To assess the potential for reciprocal estimation between bait trap catches and soil sampling data for wireworm density.
  • To establish well-defined damage thresholds for wireworm soil samples based on bait trap data.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted field experiments in Northern Italy (1993-1999) using a grid of soil bait traps and soil samples (taken 3m from traps).
  • Monitored 12-48 locations per site, employing the Berlese funnel method to extract wireworms from both trap contents and soil cores.
  • Analyzed the correlation between wireworm counts obtained from bait traps (Agriotes spp.) and soil samples.

Main Results:

  • A moderate association was observed between wireworm numbers caught by bait traps and soil sampling.
  • Bait traps demonstrated a 5 to 25 times higher capture potential compared to soil sampling.
  • Derived soil sample threshold values ranged from 15 to 20 larvae/m², based on bait trap data.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the potential for reciprocal estimation between bait trap and soil sampling methods for wireworm populations.
  • This allows for flexibility in sampling strategies, adapting to environmental conditions or crop growth stages.
  • Established soil sample thresholds provide a practical tool for implementing IPM strategies for wireworms.