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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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Secondary Analysis to Evaluate Performance Expression Stability of Alternative Complex-Contrast Training Set

Liam J Houlton1,2, Jeremy A Moody1,3, Theodoros M Bampouras4

  • 1School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.

Methods and Protocols
|April 27, 2026
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Summary

Complex-contrast training (CCT) strategies show stable performance in vertical jumps for impulse and force, but rate of force development requires individualized training. These findings aid in optimizing CCT for strength and power development.

Keywords:
consistencyimpulsepowerresistance trainingstrength

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Complex-contrast training (CCT) is utilized for enhancing strength and power.
  • Optimizing CCT set strategies, including intra-contrast rest periods (ICRP) and rest redistribution (RR), is crucial for performance.
  • Understanding performance expression stability (PES) is key to evaluating training effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance expression stability (PES) of sixteen alternative CCT set strategies.
  • To examine the effects of ICRP and RR on vertical jump propulsive force.
  • To determine the suitability of CCT strategies for monitoring force-time variables.

Main Methods:

  • Three cross-sectional studies with 14-17 participants each.
  • Dual force platforms used to measure vertical jump propulsive force.
  • PES assessed using within-participant (CV, SEM, SMC, RMB) and between-participant (ICC3,1, r) metrics for force-time variables.

Main Results:

  • All CCT strategies demonstrated stable performance expression between participants for propulsive impulse, peak force, mean force, and propulsion time.
  • Metrics for rate of force development showed less consistent between- and within-participant stability.
  • Effectively detected practically meaningful changes in key propulsive force variables.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative CCT set strategies support stable propulsive force expression in vertical jumps.
  • Individualized prescriptions are necessary for optimizing rate of force development outcomes.
  • PES analysis offers a practical method for selecting and monitoring CCT strategies for strength and power development.