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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System
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Long-Term Outcomes After Childhood Stroke.

Kerttu Kivisikk1,2, Pilvi Ilves3,4, Mairi Männamaa2,3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.

Pediatric Reports
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood stroke patients experienced poor long-term outcomes, with arterial hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) linked to higher mortality and worse neurodevelopmental issues than arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).

Keywords:
arterial ischemic strokecerebral venous sinus thrombosischildhood strokehemorrhagic strokeoutcome

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Vascular Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Childhood stroke is a significant cause of long-term disability.
  • Understanding long-term outcomes based on vascular type is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term outcomes in children diagnosed with different vascular types of stroke.
  • To compare outcomes between arterial hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) and arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in pediatric patients.

Main Methods:

  • Data from the Estonian Pediatric Stroke Database were analyzed for children aged 29 days to 18 years.
  • Outcomes including mortality, recurrent stroke, epilepsy, and neurodevelopmental status (using Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure - PSOM) were assessed at least two years post-stroke.

Main Results:

  • Long-term outcomes were available for 44 patients; 75% experienced combined poor outcomes.
  • Patients with a Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS) score of ≥6 had worse outcomes.
  • Arterial hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) was associated with higher mortality, increased epilepsy risk, and poorer cognitive/behavioral outcomes compared to arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).

Conclusions:

  • Combined poor outcomes were prevalent in 75% of childhood stroke survivors.
  • Arterial hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) presents a higher risk of mortality and worse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).