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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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Kidney Function Modulates Gut Microbial Metabolism.

Mara Lauriola1,2,3, Sophie Valkenburg4, Sander Dejongh1,2,3

  • 1Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Toxins
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters gut microbial metabolism, increasing harmful compounds from tryptophan. Fecal samples may not accurately represent colon concentrations in CKD patients.

Keywords:
chronic kidney diseasecolon proteolytic fermentationgut microbiotagut–kidney axistargeted metabolite analysestryptophan

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to significant alterations in the gut microbiome.
  • The impact of CKD on colon microbial metabolism and its toxic byproducts requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how CKD affects colon microbial metabolism, focusing on fecal metabolomics representativeness.
  • To analyze saccharolytic and proteolytic fermentation metabolites in CKD.
  • To determine the gut microbiome's role in tryptophan metabolism partitioning in CKD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Quantified amino acids, indole, p-cresol, and short-chain fatty acids in different colon sections.
  • Assessed fecal versus colonic concentrations of microbial compounds.

Main Results:

  • CKD significantly increases proteolytic fermentation in the colon.
  • Tryptophan metabolism is augmented in both the indolic and kynurenine pathways in CKD rats.
  • Fecal concentrations do not fully reflect colonic concentrations in CKD.
  • Antibiotic treatment reducing the indolic pathway activity further enhances the kynurenine pathway.

Conclusions:

  • CKD disrupts colon microbial metabolism, leading to increased uremic toxins.
  • Tryptophan partitioning is significantly altered in CKD, with implications for disease progression.
  • Further research is needed to understand the therapeutic potential of modulating gut microbial pathways in CKD.