Neuromuscular Activation Patterns in Response to Windlass Stimulation and Biofeedback: A Surface EMG Study

Area of Science:

• Sports Medicine
• Biomechanics
• Exercise Physiology

Background:

• Handball's high-demand actions increase injury risk.
• The Windlass mechanism (WM) enhances foot stability via plantar fascia tensioning.
• Mechanical simulation of WM using hallux wedges allows controlled dorsiflexion.

Purpose of the Study:

• Investigate the effect of wedge inclinations on foot muscle activity during squats.
• Examine the role of visual biofeedback in modulating foot muscle response.
• Assess strategies for improving foot stability in elite female handball players.

Main Methods:

• Seventeen elite female handball players performed squats at 65% of one-repetition maximum.
• Three wedge inclinations (0°, 10°, 30°) were tested with and without visual biofeedback.
• Electromyographic activity of foot muscles was recorded.

Main Results:

• A 10° wedge without biofeedback increased abductor hallucis activation.
• Visual biofeedback significantly enhanced intrinsic foot muscle activity (RMS and %MVC).
• Visual biofeedback also increased gastrocnemius activity (RMS).

Conclusions:

• Hallux wedges and visual biofeedback modulate foot muscle activity during squats.
• These methods can enhance foot stability in athletes.
• Potential application in training programs to reduce injury risk in handball players.