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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
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Exposure to a Titanium Dioxide Product Alters MicroRNA Expression in Human Cells.

Shivangi Shrimali1, Carlos Wells2, Marta Pogribna2

  • 1Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.

Toxics
|April 27, 2026
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Summary

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) exposure impacts microRNA (miRNA) expression, a key epigenetic mechanism. This study highlights the need for epigenetic analysis in assessing TiO2 health risks.

Keywords:
human cellsmiRNA expressionnanotoxicitytitanium dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in consumer products, raising safety concerns.
  • Previous studies suggest potential adverse health effects of TiO2 exposure.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, like microRNA (miRNA) regulation, are crucial for understanding cellular responses to toxicants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epigenotoxic potential of TiO2 by examining its effect on miRNA expression.
  • To assess TiO2-induced changes in miRNA profiles in human cell lines relevant to exposure routes.

Main Methods:

  • Human colorectal (Caco-2, HCT116) and liver (HepG2, SNU387) cell lines were exposed to TiO2 nanomaterial.
  • miRNA expression levels were quantified using the TaqMan Array Human microRNA A+B Card Set v3.0.
  • Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, followed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analysis.

Main Results:

  • TiO2 exposure significantly altered miRNA expression across all tested cell lines (SNU387: 112, HepG2: 97, Caco-2: 94, HCT116: 53).
  • Functional enrichment analysis revealed that modulated pathways are associated with diseases, including MAPK signaling, cell cycle, and Hippo signaling.
  • Key pathways affected include MAPK signaling pathway, Axon guidance, cell cycle, Hippo signaling pathway, and Endocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • TiO2 exposure demonstrably impacts miRNA expression, indicating a role for epigenetics in its biological effects.
  • Epigenetic alterations provide a deeper understanding of TiO2's toxicological profile.
  • Comprehensive risk assessment of TiO2 necessitates the inclusion of epigenetic endpoints.