Insecticide resistance in the German cockroach: where are we now?

The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), as one of the most representative indoor public health pests, poses multiple threats to global public health. Insecticides are extensively employed for the control of the German cockroach. However, insecticide resistance has emerged under the selective pressure exerted by the intensive use of insecticides. In this review, we summarized the recent findings regarding the resistance mechanisms of the German cockroach, encompassing ion channels, cuticle development, detoxification enzymes and gut microbiota, and discussed the potential control measures for insecticide resistance in the German cockroach. This review will shed light on the current knowledge and gaps of insecticide resistance, and provide hints for novel strategies to control the German cockroach.