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Evolution of neuropeptides: From diffusing molecules to modulators of synaptic transmission
Félix Leroy1, Pablo Gimenez1, Quirin Krabichler2
1Cognition and Social interactions Laboratory, Instituto de Neurociencias en Alicante, Spain.
Progress in Neurobiology
|April 27, 2026
Summary
Neuropeptides, ancient signaling molecules, evolved diverse actions from diffusion to focused release. This adaptability explains their crucial roles in regulating physiology and complex behaviors across species.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Evolutionary Biology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Neuropeptides are ancient signaling molecules predating the central nervous system.
- They play critical roles in regulating physiology and complex behaviors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the diverse modes of action of neuropeptides.
- To explore how these modes evolved and contribute to their functional specificity.
- To discuss their co-action with other neurotransmitters and future research directions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of neuropeptide signaling across different animal phyla.
- Analysis of neuropeptide evolution and functional diversification.
- Discussion of current and emerging tools for studying neuropeptide dynamics.
Main Results:
- Neuropeptide action ranges from diffuse volume transmission in simple organisms to circuit-specific modulation in complex nervous systems.
- Nervous system centralization led to neuropeptide family expansion and signaling compartmentalization.
- Vertebrates utilize neuropeptides as both endocrine hormones and central neuromodulators, with specificity determined by release sites and receptor distribution.
Conclusions:
- The spectrum of neuropeptide modes of action is key to their evolutionary success and diverse functions.
- Neuropeptides provide layered control of physiological and behavioral processes, often co-acting with other neurotransmitter systems.
- Future research using advanced biosensors and circuit tools will further elucidate neuropeptide spatiotemporal dynamics and therapeutic potential.
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