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Related Concept Videos

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:19

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
632
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

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The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
584
Pericarditis IV: Nursing Management01:25

Pericarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, necessitates diligent nursing management to ensure effective patient care and recovery. The initial step in managing pericarditis is a comprehensive patient medical assessment.The patient reports chest pain aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing, which worsens when lying supine. The pain often improves when sitting up and leaning forward. Additional symptoms may include fever, malaise, and, in severe cases, signs of heart failure.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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ABCDE of complex pericarditis cases.

Michele Marchetta1, Luigi Adamo2, Aldo Bonaventura3

  • 1University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Heart (British Cardiac Society)
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pericarditis, often seen in emergency departments, is a complex condition with varied causes. Recognizing uncommon forms using the ABCDE approach is key for tailored treatment and better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Pericarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease, presenting in up to 5% of emergency chest pain visits.
  • Traditionally viewed as benign, it's a heterogeneous syndrome with significant morbidity, including recurrence, tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis.
  • Updated guidelines and advanced imaging are refining diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a pragmatic framework for identifying and managing uncommon, high-risk forms of pericarditis.
  • To highlight the clinical relevance of diverse etiological categories beyond idiopathic or viral pericarditis.
  • To emphasize the need for tailored diagnostic and management strategies for specific pericarditis causes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and updated international guidelines on pericardial diseases.
  • Utilizing the "ABCDE" mnemonic (Autoimmune/systemic, Bacterial, Cancer-related, Damage/drug-related, Endocrine/metabolic) as a framework.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria, risk stratification, and therapeutic approaches for various pericarditis etiologies.

Main Results:

  • Idiopathic/viral pericarditis is common, but other causes (autoimmune, bacterial, cancer, drug-related, endocrine/metabolic) require specific management.
  • Autoimmune pericarditis often presents with recurrent inflammation and extracardiac involvement.
  • Bacterial pericarditis is rare but life-threatening, necessitating rapid diagnosis and treatment.
  • Cancer-related pericarditis is linked to poor prognosis, often presenting with large effusions or tamponade.
  • Damage/drug-related and endocrine/metabolic pericarditis present with atypical features and effusions, requiring management of the underlying cause.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of diverse pericarditis etiologies is critical for effective management.
  • Management often extends beyond standard anti-inflammatory therapy, requiring underlying cause correction.
  • A multidisciplinary approach and the ABCDE framework aid clinicians in optimizing patient-centered care for high-risk pericarditis cases.