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Related Concept Videos

The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation01:29

The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation

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The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry and thermodynamics that describes the relationship between a substance's vapor pressure and temperature. Named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, the equation is integral in predicting a substance's behavior under different temperature conditions.The Clausius-Clapeyron equation allows us to calculate how the pressure at which a liquid boils (its vapor pressure) changes as the...
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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
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Enhanced elastocaloric cooling beyond Clausius-Clapeyron limits.

Yuxin Song1,2, Sheng Xu3,4, Toshihiro Omori2

  • 1Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

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|April 27, 2026
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This study introduces a Ti-Al-Cr alloy for efficient solid-state cooling via the elastocaloric effect. It achieves a wide operating temperature range, overcoming limitations in conventional caloric materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • The elastocaloric effect, driven by stress-induced martensitic transformations, is a promising avenue for efficient, eco-friendly solid-state cooling.
  • A key challenge is the trade-off between large entropy changes and narrow operating temperature windows in existing materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate an elastocaloric material overcoming the temperature span limitation for practical solid-state cooling.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms enabling a wide operational temperature range in a novel Ti-Al-Cr alloy.

Main Methods:

  • Direct measurement of elastocaloric cooling effect in a Ti-Al-Cr superelastic alloy.
  • Characterization of adiabatic temperature change, cooling output, and coefficient of performance.
  • Analysis of the temperature dependence of critical stress for martensitic transformation.

Main Results:

  • A pronounced elastocaloric cooling effect was observed over an ultra-wide temperature range (97 K to 402 K, 305 K span).
  • The material exhibited a large adiabatic temperature change (~10 K) at room temperature, with significant cooling output (5.76 J·g⁻¹) and COP (4.6).
  • The elastocaloric response remained effective across the entire temperature range, mitigating the conventional trade-off between temperature span and cooling strength.

Conclusions:

  • The Ti-Al-Cr alloy overcomes the inherent limitations of conventional caloric materials, offering a new regime of elastocaloric behavior.
  • Anomalous temperature dependence of critical stress and high mechanical strength enable reversible transformations over a broad thermal domain.
  • Findings provide a guiding principle for designing next-generation caloric materials that surpass Clausius-Clapeyron-based limitations.