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P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Polyaniline-Enabled Defect Passivation for Stable and Efficient MAPbI3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells.

Pardhasaradhi Nandigana1,2,3, Sarojini N1,2, Varun J1

  • 1Solar Cells Laboratory, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 28, 2026
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Summary

Polyaniline (PANI) additive enhances methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells by improving film quality and charge-carrier dynamics. This leads to higher efficiency and improved operational stability for durable perovskite solar cells.

Keywords:
MAPbI3 (MAPI)charge‐carrier dynamicsdefect passivationperovskite solar cellspolyaniline (PANI)thermal and photo stability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite solar cells face challenges from defect-induced nonradiative recombination and poor operational stability.
  • Effective strategies are needed to improve film quality, charge-carrier dynamics, and device longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate polyaniline (PANI) as a multifunctional additive for enhancing MAPI perovskite solar cells.
  • To assess PANI's impact on film quality, charge-carrier dynamics, device performance, and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of polyaniline (emeraldine base form) into MAPI perovskite films.
  • Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for defect analysis.
  • Photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) for charge-carrier dynamics.
  • Device performance testing (PCE, Voc) and stability assessments (thermal, photostability).

Main Results:

  • PANI enhanced MAPI crystallinity and grain size without altering the bandgap.
  • XPS revealed PANI's Lewis acid-base coordination passivated Pb2+ defects.
  • PANI-modified films showed increased optical absorption, PL intensity, and carrier lifetimes (813.4 to 971.6 ns).
  • Optimized devices achieved 11.55% PCE and 1.04 V Voc, up from 9.41% and 0.95 V for pristine MAPI.
  • PANI-modified cells demonstrated excellent thermal and photostability.

Conclusions:

  • Polyaniline is an effective additive for simultaneously improving MAPI perovskite film quality, charge-carrier dynamics, and device performance.
  • PANI significantly enhances the operational stability and durability of perovskite solar cells.
  • This work presents a scalable strategy for developing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells using PANI.