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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Riboswitches

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

Involvement Of tRNA Thiolation In uORF-Mediated Translational Regulation During Xylogenesis In Arabidopsis thaliana.

Yuichi Nishii¹, Daichi Araki¹, Mitsuru Saraumi¹

¹Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology

|April 28, 2026

Summary

TRNA thiolation regulates gene expression by affecting translation efficiency. This study shows tRNA modification impacts vascular development by controlling specific gene translation via upstream open reading frames (uORFs).

Keywords:

Arabidopsis mRNA translation tRNA thiolation thermospermine uORF

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Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

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Published on: June 11, 2010

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

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Published on: May 14, 2020

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Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Published on: June 11, 2010

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Post-transcriptional modification of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is crucial for translation efficiency and cellular balance.
The role of tRNA modifications, specifically thiolation, in regulating translation via upstream open reading frames (uORFs) is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the function of tRNA thiolation in thermospermine-mediated regulation of xylem development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
To identify genetic components involved in thermospermine-dependent translational control.

Main Methods:

Utilized a suppressor screen in the Arabidopsis mutant acaulis5 (acl5) to identify novel genetic factors.
Employed 5' leader-GUS reporter constructs for translational analysis of specific mRNAs.
Conducted polysome profiling to assess mRNA association with ribosomes.

Main Results:

Identified CTU2, a key enzyme in mcm5s2U tRNA modification, as a suppressor of the acl5 phenotype.
Demonstrated that ctu2 mutations reduce the translation of mRNAs containing specific uORFs, including LHW and SACL3.
Showed that the suppression of excessive xylem formation in acl5 mutants by ctu2 is linked to reduced LHW activity.

Conclusions:

tRNA thiolation is a significant regulatory mechanism controlling the translation of key developmental genes through uORFs.
tRNA modification represents an important layer of regulation in vascular development.
This study reveals a novel connection between tRNA modification pathways and plant development.