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Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

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Published on: August 25, 2015

The Rise, Fall, and Laser Resurrection of the "Snake Heart" Operation.

David S Jones¹

¹Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

|April 28, 2026

Summary

Pioneering surgeon P.K. Sen

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Surgery
Surgical Innovation
History of Medicine

Background:

Coronary artery disease treatment.
P.K. Sen's "snake heart" procedure (transmyocardial acupuncture) proposed in 1964.
Initial global adoption followed by decline due to critique and competition.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the trajectory of Sen's "snake heart" procedure.
To explore factors influencing surgical innovation and adoption.
To examine the role of technology and scientific travel in medical practice.

Main Methods:

Historical case study analysis.
Examination of surgical innovation sources.
Analysis of science dissemination and adoption factors.

Keywords:

American surgery India acupuncture cardiac surgery coronary artery disease laser rationale

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Main Results:

Sen's procedure gained international traction despite limited evidence.
Revival in the 1970s linked to laser technology, not improved rationale.
Surgical enthusiasm driven by new tools and perceived therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

Surgical innovation stems from diverse sources, including technological advancements.
The spread of medical science is influenced by global connectivity and training.
Therapeutic efficacy judgments can be subjective, influenced by physiological imagination and enthusiasm for new tools.