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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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Multivariate morphological divergence due to intraguild predation.

Jonathan Fassora1, Jordan S Martin1, Blake Matthews1

  • 1Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|April 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intraguild predation drives threespine stickleback evolution. Sticklebacks adapt defensively with longer spines and armor, and shift foraging traits when sharing resources with Arctic charr.

Keywords:
intraguild predationmorphologymultivariate analysisphenotypic covariancespecies interactionsstickleback

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary ecology
  • Ecosystem dynamics
  • Behavioral ecology

Background:

  • Intraguild predation, where species sharing resources prey on each other, is a significant ecological interaction.
  • This interaction can act as a selective pressure, influencing the evolution of species' traits.
  • Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Southern Greenland lakes face intraguild predation from Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of intraguild predation by Arctic charr on the multivariate morphological variation of threespine stickleback populations.
  • To test for adaptive evolutionary responses in defensive and foraging traits of stickleback in the presence of charr.
  • To explore how intraguild predation influences phenotypic variation and integration within stickleback populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of multivariate morphological variation across 36 threespine stickleback populations (18 sympatric with charr, 18 allopatric).
  • Comparison of defensive (spines, armor, lateral plates) and foraging morphology between stickleback populations with and without Arctic charr.
  • Examination of patterns of phenotypic (co)variance, variation, dimensionality, and integration.

Main Results:

  • Stickleback populations sympatric with charr showed adaptations in defensive morphology, including longer spines and larger structural armor, but not more lateral plates.
  • Foraging morphology in stickleback shifted towards littoral-adapted traits in the presence of charr.
  • Populations with charr exhibited reduced phenotypic variation and dimensionality, and stronger trait integration, suggesting selection for efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Intraguild predation by Arctic charr significantly influences the multivariate evolution of threespine stickleback morphology.
  • Findings support the niche shift hypothesis, demonstrating evolutionary consequences of intraguild predation on phenotypes.
  • The study highlights the importance of a multivariate approach in understanding the complex evolutionary outcomes of ecological interactions.