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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

139
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
139
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.4K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.4K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

22.9K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
22.9K
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

1.6K
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
1.6K
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

15.7K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
15.7K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.1K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
8.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Distance Effect Induces Short-Range Electronic State Coupling in Ir Dual Atom Catalysts for Acidic Water Oxidation.

Xiaoyan Guo1, Peng Gao1, Jin Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials, and College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.

ACS Nano
|April 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing iridium (Ir) catalyst spacing enhances acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. Ir dual atom catalysts (DACs) show superior performance and durability, significantly lowering hydrogen production costs.

Keywords:
Ir DACdistance effectin situ Raman spectroscopyoxygen evolution reactiontheoretical calculations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Controlling active site spacing is crucial for efficient acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis.
  • Iridium-based catalysts are essential for OER but high costs necessitate performance enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and investigate the effect of interatomic spacing in atomically dispersed iridium catalysts on acidic OER performance.
  • To understand the structure-activity relationship governing OER kinetics in tailored Ir catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ir single atom, dual atom (DAC), and triple atom catalysts via deposition-precipitation.
  • Electrochemical evaluation of OER activity and durability.
  • In situ Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to probe electronic structure and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Ir DAC with 2.6 Å spacing achieved an overpotential of 210 mV at 10 mA cm-2, with mass activity 51.7 times higher than commercial IrO2.
  • Electronic coupling between adjacent Ir atoms in DAC optimized intermediate adsorption (*Ox(OH)y), boosting OER kinetics.
  • Ir DAC demonstrated over 1200 h durability in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis at 1000 mA cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic spacing is a critical parameter for designing high-performance acidic OER catalysts.
  • Ir DACs offer a promising pathway for cost-effective and durable hydrogen production.
  • The developed Ir DAC technology meets and exceeds future hydrogen production cost targets.