Synergistic Toxicity of Low-Concentration Metal Mixture on Male Rats: Reproductive, Renal, and Hepatic Effects

Mining plays a crucial role in economic development, but improper management can lead to severe environmental degradation. Particularly for iron ore, mining generates vast amounts of tailings often stored in unstable dams. This study aims to investigate the toxicological impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations of metals mixture-specifically Manganese (Mn), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb)-on male reproductive health and hepato-renal morpho-physiology using a rat model. Both acute and sub-chronic exposure scenarios were assessed to better reflect typical human environmental exposure. Acute exposure caused significant liver and kidney damage, with notable accumulation of Cd and Pb, while sub-chronic exposure led to more pronounced reproductive effects, impairing sperm quality and hormonal balance. These findings reveal endocrine-disrupting effects from the metal mixture, even at low concentrations, emphasizing the risks of prolonged environmental exposure to mining-related contaminants.