Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

324
Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
324
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

359
Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
359
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

888
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
888
Causes of Social Behavior II: Cognitive Processes01:15

Causes of Social Behavior II: Cognitive Processes

301
Cognitive processes affect social behavior by guiding how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social stimuli. These mental processes enable individuals to assess others' behaviors, attribute causes to their actions, and form expectations based on past experiences.Causes of Behavior and Social JudgmentsIndividuals determine the causes of others' behaviors by distinguishing between personal traits and external circumstances. For example, if a friend frequently arrives late, an...
301
Environmental Influences on Intelligence01:29

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

1.2K
Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children...
1.2K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.6K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inhibition in individuals with Williams syndrome and neurotypical children.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Waiting Longer With Less Work: The Impact of Habits and Social Trust on Children's Delay of Gratification.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Impact of syllabic constraints on error production in Korean speech: a study of serial order control with practice.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

Concurrent measurement of working memory and inhibitory control and their correlations with autistic and ADHD traits in the general population.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Matching contexts matters: Evidence for cross-paradigm transfer of cognitive control strategies.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Minimal training duration inducing near transfer in two-phase working memory training paradigm.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2025
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Test delay and change awareness moderate retroactive and proactive memory effects.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion in short-term memory: Opposite effects of retention interval on true and false recognition.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

27.4K

People are sensitive to environmental predictability when engaging cognitive control.

Kaichi Yanaoka1, Hiroyuki Tsubomi2, Félice van 't Wout3

  • 1Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-88 Minami Kawahoricho, Osaka, Tennoji, 543-0054, Japan. makifactor@gmail.com.

Memory & Cognition
|April 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental predictability influences proactive control. People adapt their cognitive control strategies based on how reliably cues predict task rules, optimizing performance in dynamic settings.

Keywords:
Cue reliabilityProactive controlSelf-preparationTask-switching

More Related Videos

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

9.5K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

27.4K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

9.5K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Cognitive control allows goal achievement in dynamic environments.
  • Proactive and reactive control strategies are flexibly employed.
  • Factors influencing proactive control engagement remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how environmental predictability influences proactive control.
  • Examine the relationship between cue reliability and proactive control.
  • Determine thresholds for engaging cognitive control based on predictability.

Main Methods:

  • Self-paced task-switching paradigm used across two experiments.
  • Adult participants controlled response timing.
  • Environmental predictability manipulated via contextual cue reliability.

Main Results:

  • Higher cue reliability (100%) led to longer preparation times and reduced switch costs.
  • Participants adapted preparation time based on cue reliability (85% vs. 65%).
  • Performance differences emerged between matched and unmatched trials under varying reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Adults detect and adjust proactive control based on subtle cue reliability differences.
  • Environmental predictability significantly modulates cognitive control engagement.
  • Two cue reliability thresholds govern proactive control decisions and effectiveness.