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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

The WinCF Model - An Inexpensive and Tractable Microcosm of a Mucus Plugged Bronchiole to Study the Microbiology of Lung Infections
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Microbiome and its role in bronchiectasis.

Yiting Pan1, Jin-Fu Xu2,3

  • 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease
|April 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbiome dysbiosis, an imbalance of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, significantly impacts bronchiectasis (BE) progression. Understanding these microbial shifts offers potential for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies for this chronic respiratory disease.

Keywords:
bronchiectasisdysbiosisgut-lung axisinflammationmicrobiomenext-generation sequencingoral-lung axisprecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Microbiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Bronchiectasis (BE) is a chronic respiratory condition marked by irreversible bronchial dilation and structural damage.
  • Key symptoms include chronic cough, purulent sputum production, and hemoptysis.
  • Microbiome dysbiosis is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in BE pathogenesis and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of microbiome dysbiosis in bronchiectasis.
  • To explore the potential of microbiome-based biomarkers for BE classification, severity assessment, and prognosis.
  • To summarize recent advancements in BE treatment strategies informed by microbiome research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies investigating the airway, gut, and oral microbiomes in bronchiectasis.
  • Analysis of next-generation sequencing data for characterizing microbial communities.
  • Examination of the gut-lung and oral-lung axes in relation to airway inflammation and immune responses.

Main Results:

  • BE is associated with an altered microbial composition, favoring pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
  • Next-generation sequencing provides high-resolution insights into the BE airway microbiome.
  • Extra-airway microbiomes (gut, oral) may influence airway inflammation via interconnected axes.

Conclusions:

  • Microbiome dysbiosis is a hallmark of bronchiectasis, influencing disease severity and outcomes.
  • Microbiome-derived biomarkers hold promise for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment.
  • Further research into the complex host-microbiome interactions is crucial for optimizing BE management.