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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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miRNAs-neutrophil axis: novel insights into acute lung injury and chronic inflammatory lung diseases

Xingning Lai1,2, Jie Zhong1,2, Chenxi Liao1,2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|April 29, 2026
PubMed

Insights

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate neutrophils, key cells in lung inflammation and diseases like acute lung injury (ALI). Targeting this miRNA-neutrophil axis offers new therapeutic strategies for respiratory disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acute lung injury (ALI) and chronic lung diseases pose significant health challenges.
  • Neutrophils are central to lung inflammation and disease pathogenesis.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of neutrophil function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review miRNA-mediated regulation of neutrophil dynamics.
  • To delineate the role of the miRNA-neutrophil axis in lung diseases.
  • To explore therapeutic potential of targeting this axis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of miRNA regulation in neutrophil biology.
  • Analysis of miRNA's role in granulopoiesis, recruitment, and NET formation.
  • Examination of miRNA-neutrophil axis in ALI, asthma, fibrosis, and lung cancer.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs exhibit dual roles, promoting or suppressing neutrophil activity.
  • Mechanistic insights into miRNA pathways influencing neutrophil-driven inflammation.
  • The miRNA-neutrophil axis significantly contributes to lung tissue injury.

Conclusions:

  • The miRNA-neutrophil axis is a critical framework for understanding lung inflammation.
  • Targeting miRNAs presents novel therapeutic avenues for respiratory diseases.
  • miRNA-based therapeutics may modulate neutrophil-driven pathology effectively.
Keywords:
acute lung injurychronic inflammatory lung diseasesinflammationmiRNAneutrophilneutrophil extracellular trap

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