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Genes and Injuries in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Kinga Łosińska1, Paweł Cięszczyk2, Adam Zajac3

  • 1Department of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.

Journal of Human Kinetics
|April 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors significantly increase sports injury risk. Specific gene variants (COL1A1, COL5A1, ACTN3, IL-6, TNF-α) are linked to musculoskeletal injuries and recovery, paving the way for personalized prevention strategies.

Keywords:
athletic performancegenetic polymorphismprecision medicinerehabilitation outcomessports-related injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Sports injuries impact athlete performance and longevity.
  • External factors like biomechanics are well-studied.
  • Genetic predispositions are increasingly recognized as key to injury susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies on genetic polymorphisms and sports injuries.
  • To identify specific genetic markers associated with injury risk and recovery.
  • To explore gene-environment interactions in sports injury etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 studies.
  • Focus on genetic polymorphisms affecting musculoskeletal tissue, muscle function, and inflammation.
  • Analysis of key genes like COL1A1, COL5A1, ACTN3, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Main Results:

  • Specific genetic markers (COL1A1, COL5A1, ACTN3) linked to ligament/tendon injuries.
  • Cytokine gene variants (IL-6, TNF-α) impact recovery.
  • Individuals with certain genetic variants showed a significantly increased injury risk.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic screening holds potential for personalized sports injury prevention.
  • Understanding genetic contributions can enhance rehabilitation efficiency.
  • Further research needed on gene-environment interactions and methodological consistency.