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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
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Tuberculous/BCG-Related Chronic Orchiepididymitis With Fistulization: Expanded Case Report and Literature Review.

Guilherme Bernardo1, João A Carvalho2, Maria Alzamora3

  • 1Department of Urology, ULS Amadora Sintra, Amadora, Portugal.

Case Reports in Urology
|April 29, 2026
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Summary

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy can cause rare infectious complications like chronic necrotizing granulomatous orchiepididymitis. This case highlights the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment of BCG-induced infections in bladder cancer patients.

Keywords:
BCG therapygenitourinary tuberculosisgranulomatous inflammationintravesical immunotherapyorchiepididymitis

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A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a standard treatment for high-grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
  • Infectious complications, though rare, can arise from BCG therapy, including granulomatous orchiepididymitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of chronic necrotizing granulomatous orchiepididymitis with fistulization following intravesical BCG instillations.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic challenges and management of BCG-induced genitourinary infections.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient presenting with persistent epididymal swelling and discharge after BCG therapy.
  • Diagnostic workup included physical examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and histopathological analysis.
  • Treatment involved antituberculous therapy and surgical intervention.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed chronic necrotizing granulomatous orchiepididymitis with fistulization.
  • PCR confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection.
  • While antituberculous therapy led to clinical improvement, orchiectomy was necessary due to anatomical destruction.

Conclusions:

  • BCG therapy can lead to rare but severe infectious complications like tuberculous orchiepididymitis.
  • Early recognition and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial, but surgical intervention may be required for extensive disease.
  • Histopathological examination is vital for confirming the diagnosis.