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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
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Psychometric validation and cross-language invariance of the Arabic INCOM short form using PLS-SEM.

Bandar S Almailabi1, Abraham P Buunk2

  • 1Department of Education, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Arabic version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) is validated for assessing social comparison orientation in Arabic-speaking students. This reliable scale demonstrates full measurement invariance across languages.

Keywords:
Arabic adaptationINCOMPLS-SEMmeasurement invarianceshort-form developmentsocial comparison orientation

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Psychometrics
  • Cross-cultural Psychology

Background:

  • Social comparison is a key aspect of social cognition.
  • Validated instruments for assessing social comparison orientation in Arabic are limited.
  • This study addresses this gap by validating an Arabic version of the INCOM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate an Arabic version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM).
  • To assess the psychometric properties and cross-language measurement invariance of the Arabic INCOM short form.
  • To provide a reliable tool for measuring social comparison orientation in Arabic-speaking populations.

Main Methods:

  • A multistage validation process using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
  • Study 1 involved hierarchical measurement model estimation, addressing method effects, and optimizing the scale.
  • Study 2 examined cross-language measurement invariance between Arabic and English versions using the MICOM procedure.

Main Results:

  • A seven-item Arabic INCOM short form with satisfactory psychometric properties was identified.
  • Full measurement invariance (configural, compositional, scalar) was established between the Arabic and English versions.
  • The scale showed theory-consistent associations with neuroticism and social anxiety.

Conclusions:

  • The Arabic INCOM short form is a psychometrically sound and culturally equivalent measure.
  • The validated scale can be reliably used to assess social comparison orientation in Arabic-speaking university students.
  • This contributes a valuable tool for research and practice in cross-cultural social psychology.