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Parent-mediated early intervention in infants and toddlers at elevated likelihood for autism: a systematic review of

E Conti1,2, F Ieri1, S Calderoni1,2

  • 1University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa, Italy.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|April 29, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Early parent-mediated interventions for infants showing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or at high risk can positively impact development. This review summarizes evidence from Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) to guide clinical practice.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Child Psychology
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with early signs detectable in infancy.
  • Current interventions often require a formal diagnosis, delaying access to specialized support.
  • Parent-mediated interventions offer a promising approach for infants at high likelihood for ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review outcomes of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) for parent-mediated early interventions in infants with early ASD signs or elevated risk.
  • To inform clinical practice by summarizing evidence on intervention effectiveness.
  • To analyze intervention types, enrollment strategies, and outcome measures.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search conducted across major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo) from 2014 to February 2025.
  • Inclusion criteria: RCTs, infants aged ≤ 18 months, English language, and presence of autistic signs or elevated ASD likelihood.
  • Eleven studies were included and analyzed for sample characteristics, enrollment, outcomes, and intervention details.

Main Results:

  • Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria, focusing on parent-mediated interventions for infants aged 18 months or younger.
  • Analysis covered diverse aspects including participant demographics, recruitment methods, outcome assessments, and intervention components.
  • Key findings regarding the efficacy and specific components of these early interventions were detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Parent-mediated early interventions show potential for positively influencing developmental trajectories in infants at high risk for ASD.
  • Evidence from RCTs supports the integration of these approaches into early intervention services.
  • Further research may refine optimal intervention strategies and outcome measures for this population.

Keywords:
autismearly interventionevidence-based practiceparent-mediatedpreemptiverandomized controlled trial (RCT)toddler outcomes

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