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(p)ppGpp: the magic goes on.

Katarzyna Potrykus1, Katarzyna Bryszkowska1, Filip Gąsior1

  • 1Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR
|April 29, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria adapt to environmental changes using the stringent response, involving guanosine derivatives (p)ppGpp. This review details (p)ppGpp synthesis, degradation, and its global regulatory roles in bacterial survival.

Keywords:
(p)ppGppRelA/SpoT homologs (RSH)second messenger crosstalkstress responsestringent responsetranscriptiontranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bacterial Physiology

Background:

  • Bacteria require rapid adaptation to fluctuating environments for survival.
  • The stringent response is a key bacterial adaptation mechanism.
  • This response involves the production of guanosine derivatives, (p)ppGpp.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthesis and degradation pathways of (p)ppGpp.
  • To elucidate the regulatory roles of (p)ppGpp in various cellular processes.
  • To compare (p)ppGpp regulation in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on the stringent response.
  • Analysis of (p)ppGpp synthesis, degradation, and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Comparative analysis of bacterial species (Gram-negative vs. Gram-positive).

Main Results:

  • (p)ppGpp regulates transcription, translation, DNA replication, and metabolism.
  • It coordinates a global response impacting numerous cellular functions.
  • Differences in (p)ppGpp regulation exist between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • The stringent response and (p)ppGpp are crucial for bacterial survival and adaptation.
  • While much is known, significant aspects of (p)ppGpp regulation remain to be discovered.
  • Ongoing research continues to uncover the complexities of the (p)ppGpp regulatory network.