Beyond CRISPR/Cas9: emerging genome editing technologies for next-generation crop improvement

Area of Science:

• Plant Biology
• Genetics
• Agricultural Science

Background:

• CRISPR/Cas9 revolutionized plant biology but has limitations (PAM specificity, off-target effects).
• Newer CRISPR systems (Cas12a, CasΦ, CasMINI, CasX) offer expanded targeting and RNA editing capabilities.
• Base and prime editors enable precise nucleotide substitutions or insertions without double-strand DNA breaks.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review advancements in genome editing technologies for plant improvement.
• To discuss the integration of multiple editing tools for complex trait development.
• To highlight the role of AI in optimizing genome editing strategies.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing diverse CRISPR-Cas variants (Cas12a, CasΦ, CasMINI, CasX) for enhanced targeting.
• Employing base editors and prime editors for precise DNA modifications.
• Integrating multiple editing systems (CRISPR, base/prime editing, epigenome editing, recombinases) for complex trait engineering.
• Leveraging AI for target prediction and design optimization.

Main Results:

• Advanced genome editing tools improve stress tolerance, disease resistance, nutrition, yield, and post-harvest quality.
• Combined and stepwise editing approaches facilitate complex trait development and pathway optimization.
• AI integration enhances the selection of optimal genes and edits for desired crop traits.

Conclusions:

• Genome editing, particularly when combined with AI and fast breeding, is crucial for developing robust, high-yielding crops.
• Addressing challenges in editing efficiency, delivery, genotype specificity, regulation, and societal acceptance is vital for future progress.
• These technologies are key to ensuring global food security through sustainable agriculture.