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Breast Implant-Associated Malignancies: Current Recommendations for Workup and Management
Megan E Fracol1, Roberto N Miranda1, Anne S Tsao1
1From the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|April 29, 2026
Summary
Breast implants are rarely linked to malignancies, including BIA-ALCL, B-cell lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Late seroma, pain, and swelling are common symptoms, requiring prompt workup and tailored treatment.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Plastic Surgery
- Pathology
Background:
- Breast implants are associated with rare malignancies.
- These malignancies are categorized into distinct subtypes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the subtypes of breast implant-associated (BIA) malignancies.
- To describe common presenting symptoms and diagnostic workup.
- To identify treatment strategies for BIA malignancies.
Main Methods:
- Review of reported cases and literature.
- Diagnostic workup including imaging (ultrasound, mammography) and aspiration.
- Development of a treatment algorithm based on disease stage and subtype.
Main Results:
- Three major subtypes identified: BIA anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), B-cell lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
- BIA-ALCL is the most common (over 1700 cases).
- BIA squamous cell carcinoma is the most aggressive; late seroma, pain, and swelling are common symptoms.
Conclusions:
- Prompt diagnosis and workup are crucial for BIA malignancies.
- Treatment involves surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiation, tailored to subtype and stage.
- Management strategies address recurrence and reconstruction needs.
