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Inducible Operons: lac Operon

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

Lactate conditioning reprograms mucosal-associated invariant T cell metabolism boosting effector function.

Ardena Berisha¹, Benjamin J Jenkins², Nidhi Kedia-Mehta¹

¹Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

|April 29, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells show promise for cancer immunotherapy. Conditioning these cells with lactate enhances their anticancer functions and metabolism, offering a novel therapeutic strategy.

Keywords:

BiTEs immunotherapy lactate mucosal associated invariant T cells

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cancer Biology
Cell Metabolism

Background:

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells with potent cytotoxic and cytokine-producing capabilities.
These features position MAIT cells as promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of MAIT cells in cancer immunotherapy.
To explore methods for enhancing MAIT cell anticancer functions through metabolic conditioning.

Main Methods:

In vitro amplification of MAIT cells.
Redirection of MAIT cells using bispecific monoclonal antibodies.
Metabolic conditioning of MAIT cells with sodium lactate.
Analysis of effector molecule production (IFNγ, granzyme B) and cytotoxicity.
Assessment of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial activity.

Main Results:

Amplified MAIT cells exhibit potent anticancer functions, producing IFNγ and granzyme B.
Bispecific antibodies effectively redirect MAIT cells to kill cancer cells.
MAIT cells metabolize lactate, and lactate conditioning increases mitochondrial metabolism.
Lactate conditioning enhances effector molecule production and MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Conclusions:

MAIT cells can be pharmacologically directed to target cancer cells.
In vitro lactate conditioning enhances MAIT cell anticancer capabilities via reprogrammed metabolism.
These findings present a novel strategy for adoptive cancer immunotherapy using MAIT cells.