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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Jewish Contributions to Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

Daniel M Portnoy1, Coral Levkovitz2, Zachary M Stauber2

  • 1Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

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|April 29, 2026
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Summary

Jewish physicians significantly advanced plastic surgery through innovations in reconstructive techniques, cancer treatment, and professional society development. Their historical contributions are crucial to understanding the field's evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical History
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Individual Jewish plastic surgeons' achievements are documented, but a collective review is missing.
  • Plastic and reconstructive surgery has a rich history of discovery and evolution.
  • Understanding the field's development requires acknowledging all key contributors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and highlight major advancements by Jewish physicians in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
  • To construct a cohesive historical narrative of their impact from inception to the present.
  • To recognize the transformative contributions of Jewish surgeons and researchers.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search for key plastic surgery developments.
  • Identification and verification of contributions made by Jewish practitioners.
  • Chronological organization of contributions to build a historical narrative.

Main Results:

  • Jewish surgeons drove innovations from the 1800s through the 20th century.
  • Key contributions include facial deformity treatment, lumpectomy development, and founding major surgical societies.
  • Breakthroughs also encompass burn management, angiogenesis research, and cosmetic surgery advancements.

Conclusions:

  • Jewish physicians have been instrumental in shaping plastic and reconstructive surgery.
  • Their diverse innovations significantly impacted patient care and the field's structure.
  • Acknowledging their contributions is essential for a complete understanding of plastic surgery history.