Advanced wearable electrochemical biosensors: Decoding sweat amino acids for noninvasive precision personalized...

Amino acids are crucial for metabolism, nutrition, and illness management, rendering their analysis significantly beneficial for real-time evaluation of human health. Sweat has emerged as a promising noninvasive biofluid for continuous health monitoring, offering a rich source of biomarkers that reflect physiological and metabolic states. This review captures the current momentum in the advancement of wearable electrochemical biosensors tailored for noninvasive monitoring of sweat amino acids toward precision personalized health management. We first go into the physiological basis of sweat secretion, composition, skin-on induction, and its correlation with blood biomarkers, highlighting the feasibility of sweat as an alternative diagnostic medium. The significance of sweat amino acids as noninvasive biomarkers is next covered. Then, we focus on the design and development of wearable electrochemical biosensors for on-body and real-time amino acids analysis, highlighting recent advances and applications in healthcare monitoring, nutrition assessment, sports performance tracking, and multi-scenario deployment. Despite these advances, substantial challenges remain, including low concentrations of sweat amino acids, complex biochemical composition of sweat, and inter- and intra-individual variability in sweat composition, which would hinder wearable electrochemical sensors' performance on biosensing accuracy and reproducibility. In addition, the issues related to reliable multiplexed sensing, long-term stability, and clinical translation are discussed to enable real-world implementation. Finally, we outline and discuss future directions for standardization, device optimization, and integration toward noninvasive precision personalized health management. This review aims to provide insights into design principles, technological advances, translational opportunities, and perspectives of wearable sweat amino acid biosensors for next-generation precision healthcare.