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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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The interplay between executive function and learning disabilities: Developmental cognitive neuroscience perspectives

Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus1, Paul T Cirino2, Laurie E Cutting3

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Summary

Executive function (EF) is crucial for learning and behavior. This review explores EF's role in dyslexia, dyscalculia, and ADHD, offering insights for supporting diverse learners.

Keywords:
ADHDAttention abilitiesDyscalculiaDyslexiaEEGExecutive functionsFMRIFluencyLearningLearning difficultiesMathReading

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) encompasses key cognitive processes vital for academic and behavioral regulation.
  • EF's importance is recognized in typical development, learning disabilities (LDs) like dyslexia and dyscalculia, and ADHD.
  • Challenges persist in defining EF, its neurobiology, and its varied roles in academic learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interaction between EF and reading, math, and LDs from theoretical, behavioral, and neurobiological viewpoints.
  • To examine EF's contribution to reading skills, dyslexia, math difficulties, and ADHD/LD comorbidity.
  • To synthesize current knowledge and propose future research directions for understanding and supporting learners through EF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical, behavioral, and neurobiological perspectives on EF.
  • Analysis of EF's role in specific academic domains (reading, math) and conditions (dyslexia, dyscalculia, ADHD).
  • Discussion of methodological advancements (e.g., functional connectivity, mobile neuroimaging) and intervention strategies.

Main Results:

  • EF significantly impacts word recognition, reading comprehension, and fluency.
  • Audiovisual integration and cognitive control are key in dyslexia.
  • EF plays a developmental role in math difficulties and response to math interventions.
  • EF acts as a transdiagnostic factor in ADHD and LD comorbidity.

Conclusions:

  • EF is a core mechanism for understanding and supporting diverse learners across academic domains.
  • Integrating cognitive neuroscience, educational theory, and clinical insights is essential for future EF research.
  • Targeting EF interventions can promote academic growth in individuals with learning challenges.